一個中國的大迷惑《經濟學人》

一個中國的大迷惑《經濟學人》

The great obfuscation of one-China

美國不接受一個中國原則。 相反，它有一個中國的政策，美國承認中國有這樣一個原則 --- 兩者不是相同的一件事。 美國不承認中國對台灣的主權，也不承認台灣是獨立國家。 儘管如此，美國台灣間仍有很多貿易行為。 台灣是美國出口的第九大買家，超過意大利和印度。

America does not accept the one-China principle. Instead it has the one-China policy, which acknowledges that China has such a principle—not quite the same thing. America does not recognise Chinese sovereignty over Taiwan, nor does it recognise Taiwan as an independent state. It does plenty of trade with it, though. Small as it is, Taiwan is the ninth-largest buyer of American exports, outstripping Italy and India.

只有一個中國原則的和氣(想像)小說才可把東亞的和平維持下去 --- 但現在各方面正處於壓力之下. The polite fiction that there is only one China has kept the peace in East Asia—but now it is coming under pressure from all directions

1979年的“台灣關係法”美國承諾幫助台灣捍衛自己免遭入侵和禁運，認為島上的任何脅迫都是“對美國的嚴重關切”。

Relations Act of 1979 commits America to helping Taiwan defend itself against invasion and embargoes, deeming any coercion of the island to be “of grave concern to the United States”.

在台灣本身，有一個奇怪的歷史傳說"一個中國公式"。 根據(想像)小說，島內第一任總統蔣介石在1949年因和毛澤東共產黨內戰落敗而逃至台灣，望有一天會奪回統一整個中國， 所以台灣的官方名稱"中華民國"。 因此，蔣介石領導的黨，國民黨和中國政府兩者可以簽署一個叫做“九二共識”的協議，雙方承認只有一個中國，但各自表述模糊一中內涵。

In Taiwan itself the one-China formula has an even stranger history. It is rooted in the fiction that the island’s first president, Chiang Kai-shek, who fled there in 1949 after losing a civil war to Mao Zedong’s communists, would one day recapture the whole of China. Hence Taiwan’s official name, the Republic of China. Thus the party that Chiang led, the Kuomintang (KMT), and the Chinese government can both subscribe to an agreement called the “1992 consensus”, which says that there is only one China but recognises that the two sides disagree about what that means in practice, thus piling fudge upon ambiguity.

美國可能再也不能像1996年台海危機一樣派遣兩架航空母艦到台灣海峽，迫使中國撤退。但是如果爆發台海兩岸敵對行動，美國幾乎肯定會被捲入。美國對“台灣關係法” 沒有完全的義務，但美國會避免其作為造成其超級大國的地位和聲望的一個致命打擊。 美國也會有經濟考量：台灣生產的半導體佔世界的五分之一以上; 中國的封鎖可能會造成全世界電腦產業跛腳。America might no longer be able to dispatch two aircraft-carrier groups to the Taiwan Strait to force China to back down, as it did in 1996. But if hostilities were to break out America would almost surely be drawn in. The Taiwan Relations Act does not fully oblige it to, but to refrain would be a mortal blow to its position and prestige as a superpower. There would also be economic considerations: Taiwan makes more than a fifth of the world’s semiconductors; a Chinese blockade could cripple the computer industry.

大陸有一千四百個針對台灣的地面導彈，還有未知數量從空中和海上發射的導彈。 儘管台灣存在反導彈防禦 - 美國愛國者導彈和台灣自己的飛彈系統 - 島上的空軍基地和許多其他防禦系統可能會被中國強烈火力迅速摧毀。 但中國入侵需要有地面部隊，在180公里開闊水域台灣海峽對岸航行渡海入侵的中國部隊，會遭受在中國火力攻擊下倖存的台灣軍隊狙擊造成(重傷害)非常不愉快。 引述楊先生說，中國為了入侵成功，中國需要迅速摧毀台灣85％以上的飛彈，如果在第一波襲擊中，有一半的台灣飛彈倖存下來，中國的入侵勢力就會被削弱。The mainland has around 1,400 land-based missiles aimed at Taiwan, plus an unknown number of air- and sea-launched ones. Despite the presence of anti-missile defences—both American Patriot missiles and Taiwan’s own systems—the island’s air bases and many of its other defences might be quickly destroyed by all that firepower. But an invasion requires troops on the ground—ground which, in this case, lies the other side of 180km of open water. And Taiwan’s surviving forces could make that voyage very unpleasant. Mr Yang says that, for an invasion to succeed, China would need promptly to destroy 85% or more of Taiwan’s own missiles; if half of Taiwan’s missiles survived the first wave of attacks, China’s invasion force would be vulnerable.

http://econ.st/2snV7Yq

癌症早期篩檢的新指標

研究建議：30年來，可能將高血小板計數檢查首次做為癌症早期篩檢的新指標。該研究現在已發表在“British Journal of General Practice(英國一般科執業期刊)”，發現在某些高血小板計數的病例中可能是癌症早期篩檢唯一的外在指標。 例如，根據報告，接近1/3無症狀早期的肺癌或大腸癌患者有高血小板計數的情形做為癌症早期篩檢。這研究包含40,000個案的醫療記錄，結果顯示，其中超過11％的男性及6％ 40歲以上的女性有高血小板計數的個案，在一年內被診斷出患有癌症。 此外，如果個案在前六個月內再有第二次血小板計數升高，癌症檢出率會進一步攀升。

如果保守估計5％的癌症患者在癌症診斷之前有血小板增多症，那麼這一族群中會有三分之一可能在提前幾個月前接受癌症診斷。 如同有這麼多類型的癌症一樣，早期診斷癌症，往往是預後最佳和痊癒生存的關鍵。

http://buff.ly/2qQTcd6

單純皰疹病毒1型（HSV-1）

根據世衛組織的一項研究，超過37億50歲以下的人類患有單純皰疹病毒1型（HSV-1）通常在兒童期患水痘後得到這種病。More than 3.7 billion people under the age of 50 suffer from the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), usually after catching it in childhood, according to a the WHO study.

http://buff.ly/2t2LURf

外科醫生拯救了便秘男子的生命

外科醫生拯救了便秘男子的生命Surgeons saved the constipated man's life

外科醫生將男子體內近30磅的糞便移除; 先天性巨大結腸症的疾病如何造成糞便裝填結實壓緊的巨結腸.Man Has 30 Lbs Of Feces Removed From Intestines; How Hirschsprung's Disease Caused Impacted Megacolon

來自中國的一名男子，他的結腸受到糞便裝填結實壓緊使他難以呼吸後，外科醫生將他體內近30磅的糞便移除。稱為先天性巨大結腸症的病徵會有導致嚴重的腹痛和結腸問題。A man from China had nearly 30 pounds of feces removed from his body after it became impacted in his colon and made it difficult for him to breath. The severe abdominal pain and colon problems were the result of a condition known as Hirschsprung's disease.

http://buff.ly/2tebC5I

抗生素治療可能對情緒有長期負面影響

現已有證據顯示：抗生素治療可能對情緒有長期負面影響。There is now evidence to suggest that antibiotic treatments may have long term negative effects upon mood.

腸道細菌會如何影響大腦健康？How do gut bugs affect brain health?

http://blog.oup.com/2015/06/gut-bugs-brain-health/

                                          我們的大腦和我們的腸道細菌以一種共生關係在生活。our brain lives in a symbiotic relationship with the bugs in our gut. 無論我們吃甚麼，腸道細菌也吃。Whatever we eat, they eat.腸道細菌會以各種方式來幫助優化我們的大腦功能，作為回報。In return, they help our brain function optimally in a variety of ways.

在過去的幾年中，腸道細菌日益明顯的是，人體內缺乏腸道細菌，我們的大腦認知功能就無法發展到目前水平。During the past few years, it has become increasingly apparent that in the absence of bacteria humans would never have evolved to our current level of cognitive performance

我們的大腦是深刻依賴這些腸道細菌製造大範圍的化學物質。Our brains are profoundly dependent upon a wide range of chemicals produced by these gut bugs. 例如，如果沒有這些腸道微生物，我們大腦扮演調控情感關鍵角色的血清素神經元，會失控發揮。 For example, without these gut microbes our brains don’t correctly develop the serotonin neurons that play a key role in the control of emotion.

每一個人體的大細胞，大約有100到1000個的微生物在您體內、體表一起共生。For every one of your big human cells, roughly 100 to 1000 little bugs live alongside and inside of you. 如果你要計算您體內、體表所有的細胞一起共生的微生物， If you were to count all of the cells on and inside of you that are not actually you,會有數百萬億數字的微生物，they would number in the hundreds of trillions, 大約每平方厘米內的皮膚表面有一百萬微生物一起共生。with approximately one million of these microbes living within every square centimeter of your skin.

這些腸道微生物不是單純來湊熱鬧，腸道微生物可能讓人類成為地球上的優勢物種。These bugs were not simply along for the ride as we became the dominant species on this planet; they made the journey possible.在約500萬年前的寒武世紀，當生物從單細胞進化成全多細胞生物個體，這些細菌和病毒很快就發現完全和生物個體整合一起共生。As soon as individual cells evolved into fully multicellular organisms during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago these bacteria and viruses quickly discovered the fantastic survival benefits of fully integrating themselves. 這些和生物個體整合一起共生的細菌和病毒一旦出現，他們從來就未離開過。 Once there, they never left.

這些很多萬億駐留在腸道細菌的總重量超過兩磅，由於人體不斷提供食物給這些腸道細菌持續繁殖後代。The total weight of the many trillions of bugs that reside in your gut is over two pounds and they are multiplying constantly thanks to all of the food you are providing them. 這些腸道細菌會不斷和腸道病毒戰鬥求生存。They are also in a constant battle for survival. 在腸道病毒會殺死很多腸道細菌，腸道細菌屍體在乾糞便中約佔60％（現在知道腸道細菌屍體經糞便排出）。The viruses in your gut kill so many bacteria every minute that their carcasses account for about 60% of the dry mass of your feces (now you know what is in there).

腸道細菌製造許多不同的化學物質，會影響大腦功能。Gut bacteria produce many different chemicals that can influence brain function. 這些腸道細菌製造的不同化學物質，會將我們的飲食中的碳水複合物轉換成脂肪酸、丁酸，醋酸，丙酸。They convert the complex carbohydrates in our diet to the fatty acids butyrate, acetate, and propionate. 丁酸(Butyrate)可以輕易地離開腸道進入大腦，丁酸(Butyrate)在大腦會影響大腦衍生神經營養因子（BDNF）的濃度。 Butyrate can easily leave the gut and enter the brain, where it can influence the levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). 大腦衍生神經營養因子（BDNF）扮演神經元的複製和存活及大腦學習和記憶能力的重要角色。BDNF plays a critical role in the birth and survival of neurons and the ability of the brain to learn and remember. 體內大腦衍生神經營養因子(BDNF)濃度降低與認知功能受損和憂鬱沮喪有關。 Reduced levels of BDNF are correlated with impaired cognitive function and depression.

腸道細菌也製造神經傳遞物質：正腎上腺素(norepinephrine)，多巴胺(Dpoamine)，乙醯膽鹼(Acetylcholine)，和伽馬氨基丁酸（GABA）。Gut bacteria also produce the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, and GABA. 雖然這些神經傳遞物質不能穿過血腦屏障，但這些神經傳遞物質透過迷走神經的反應作用，間接影響大腦功能。Although these molecules cannot cross the blood brain barrier, they indirectly affect brain function via their actions at the vagus nerve. 益生菌嬰兒雙歧桿菌(比菲德氏菌)35624對帶憂鬱症動物具有抗憂鬱作用，因為嬰兒雙歧桿菌(比菲德氏菌)35624能夠以釋放色氨酸，製造血清素(serotonin)的前驅物。 The presence of the bacterium Bifidobacerium infantis 35624 has an antidepressant effect in animal models of depression due to its ability to release tryptophan, a precursor to the production of serotonin. 累積的證據顯示，腸道細菌在神經系統的發育和成熟中扮演關鍵角色，並可能與情緒和行為異常及眾多的退行性神經疾病有關。 Accumulating evidence suggests that gut bugs play key roles in both the developing and mature nervous system, and may contribute to emotional and behavioral disorders as well as numerous neurodegenerative diseases.

不吃早餐會導致腹部發胖

不吃早餐會增進腹部脂肪的積存，和增加胰島素阻抗風險Skipping Meals Promotes Belly Fat Storage, Increases Risk For Insulin Resistance

                                                                                                                              不吃早餐會導致腹部發胖Skipping meals leads to abdominal weight gain

在美國俄亥俄州立大學(Ohio State University)最近進行的一項研究顯示，不吃早餐不但會導致腹部發胖，也會導致在肝臟的胰島素阻抗形成。A recent study conducted at Ohio State University has revealed that skipping meals not only leads to abdominal weight gain, but it can also lead to the development of insulin resistance in the liver.

美國俄亥俄州立大學，人類營養Martha Belury教授，在一份聲明中說： Martha Belury, professor of human nutrition at Ohio State University, said in a statement. “但是，肯定不要為了減少卡路里，不吃早餐，因不吃早餐會導致你身體的胰島素和葡萄糖會產生較大的波動，並導致你身體增加更多的脂肪，而不是減少你身體的脂肪。"But you definitely don't want to skip meals to save calories because it sets your body up for larger fluctuations in insulin and glucose and could be setting you up for more fat gain instead of fat loss.

有些人一天只吃一頓大餐。some people do eat just one large meal a day. 在禁食情況下，肝臟不受胰島素的刺激，肝臟會增加葡萄糖的製造輸出，因肝臟未收到(胰島素刺激)關閉生產葡萄糖的信號。Under conditions when the liver is not stimulated by insulin, increased glucose output from the liver means the liver isn't responding to signals telling it to shut down glucose production. 這些尚未帶有2型糖尿病的做禁食實驗的小鼠，無法對胰島素再做出回應，形成胰島素阻抗稱為糖尿病前期“。 These mice don't have type 2 diabetes yet, but they're not responding to insulin anymore and that state of insulin resistance is referred to as prediabetes."

http://www.medicaldaily.com/skipping-meals-promotes-belly-fat-storage-increases-risk-insulin-resistance-334384

幽門螺旋桿菌疫苗

號外：幽門螺旋桿菌疫苗

NEW: Helicobacter pylori VACCINE

耗時1/4世紀，經過無數的嘗試，已製造出有效對抗幽門螺旋桿菌的疫苗。For a quarter of a century, countless attempts have been made to produce an effective vaccine against Helicobacter pylori. Zeng與他的同事發表 "口服三劑量，重組幽門螺桿菌疫苗" 新研究成果。Zeng and colleagues present the results of NEW research into a three-dose oral recombinant H pylori vaccine.

http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)60310-5/fulltext

口服三劑量，重組幽門螺旋桿菌疫苗，是中國大陸研發，發表在LANCET知名期刊：（中國大陸生物科技快追上歐美，厲害！）

在中國兒童的一項隨機，雙盲，安慰劑對照組，3期臨床試驗口服重組幽門螺旋桿菌疫苗的療效，安全性和免疫抗原性。Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of an oral recombinant Helicobacter pylori vaccine in children in China: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

在中國江蘇省，贛榆縣的一個中心，以過去或現在均未感染幽門螺旋桿菌的6〜15歲健康兒童，做這項隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照組、3期的口服重組幽門螺桿菌疫苗試驗。 We did this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial at one centre in Ganyu County, Jiangsu Province, China. Healthy children aged 6–15 years without past or present H pylori infection

從2004年12月2日到2005年3月19日期間，我們隨機分配4464位受試者，其中口服三劑重組幽門螺旋桿菌疫苗組有2232位受試者，和安慰劑對照組有2232位受試者，其中有4403位（99％）受試者完成口服三劑量，重組幽門螺桿菌疫苗計劃，並列入了方案的有效性分析。Between Dec 2, 2004, and March 19, 2005, we randomly assigned 4464 participants to either the vaccine group (n=2232) or the placebo group (n=2232), of whom 4403 (99%) participants completed the three-dose vaccination schedule and were included in the per-protocol efficacy analysis.

延長追蹤3年。We extended follow-up to 3 years. 在追蹤第一年，記錄了64例幽門螺旋桿菌感染（口服三劑重組幽門螺旋桿菌疫苗組，在2074.3人-年的幽門螺旋桿菌感染風險有14例比較安慰劑對照組在2089.6人-年的幽門螺旋桿菌感染風險有50例）， We recorded 64 events of H pylori infection within the first year (14 events in 2074·3 person-years at risk in the vaccine group vs 50 events in 2089·6 person-years at risk in the placebo group), 實驗結果口服三劑重組幽門螺旋桿菌疫苗有71·8％的功效（95％信賴區間48·2-85·6）。resulting in a vaccine efficacy of 71·8% (95% CI 48·2–85·6).

至少報告有一個口服疫苗不良反應症狀：在口服重組幽門螺旋桿菌疫苗組有157例（7％），和在安慰劑對照組有161例（7％）。157 (7%) participants in the vaccine group and 161 (7%) participants in the placebo group reported at least one adverse reaction. 口服疫苗嚴重不良反應的報告：在口服重組幽門螺旋桿菌疫苗組有5例   <1%  ，和在安慰劑對照組有7例   <1%  ，在安慰劑組的參與者，但沒有一例不良反應被認為是與口服疫苗有關。Serious adverse events were reported in five    < 1%  participants in the vaccine group and seven   <1%  participants in the placebo group, but none was considered to be vaccination related.

對天真的孩子施予口服重組幽門螺旋桿菌疫苗是有效，安全，和具幽門螺旋桿菌免疫抗原性。The oral recombinant H pylori vaccine was effective, safe, and immunogenic in H pylori-naive children. 這種疫苗可以顯著降低幽門螺旋桿菌感染的發生率; This vaccine could substantially reduce the incidence of H pylori infection; 然而，需長時間追蹤來確認疫苗對抗幽門螺桿菌相關疾病的保護力。however, follow up over a longer period is needed to confirm the protection of the vaccine against H pylori-associated diseases.

口服三劑量，重組幽門螺桿菌疫苗中國大陸研發公司：重慶康威生物科技有限公司，研發和行銷幽門螺旋桿菌診斷試劑盒。Chongqing Kangwei Biotech Co. Ltd. develops and markets H. pylori diagnostic kits. 此外，該公司從事研究與幽門螺旋桿菌疫苗的研製。

In addition, the company engages in research and development of H. pylori vaccine. 重慶康威生物科技有限公司成立於2000年，總部設在中國。Chongqing Kangwei Biotech Co. Ltd. was founded in 2000 and is based in China. 該公司是岳陽興長石化股份有限公司的子公司。The company is a subsidiary of Yueyang Xingchang Petro-Chemical Co., Ltd.